• 专利附录
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    • 专利摘要:
    A pet imaging device dedicated to the observation of the brain. The present invention relates to a pet imaging device dedicated to the observation of the brain, characterized in that as a whole it has a structure with a shape capable of housing a head, comprising independent gamma ray detection modules, said detection modules comprise continuous scintillation crystals of polygonal main section, in which the detection modules together form a hollow three-dimensional structure capable of enclosing the head, and said elongated three-dimensional structure having a major axis in the direction corresponding to the front-nape direction and a shorter axis in the direction corresponding to the straight line joining the ears, and the adjacent scintillation glasses being arranged to fit laterally in an exact manner with one another throughout their thickness, constituting a mosaic, that is, without leave gaps and without overlapping each other. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2644251A1
    申请号:ES201630524
    申请日:2016-04-25
    公开日:2017-11-28
    发明作者:José María Benlloch Baviera；Antonio Javier GONZÁLEZ MARTÍNEZ；Laura MOLINER MARTÍNEZ；Juan Vicente Catret Mascarell；Carlos Correcher Salvador
    申请人:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC；Universidad Politecnica de Valencia；General Equipment for Medical Imaging SA；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

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    DESCRIPTION
    A PET imaging device dedicated to the observation of the brain SECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE
    The present invention has application in the field of medical devices for diagnostic imaging, specifically in positron emission tomography (PET) devices.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    Positron Emission Tomography is a diagnostic technique and investigation "in vivo" by image, capable of measuring the metabolic activity of the human body. PET technique is based on detecting and analyzing the three-dimensional distribution that adopts inside the body a Ultra short-cut half-life radiopharmaceutical administered through an intravenous injection Depending on whether you want to study, different radiopharmaceuticals are used.
    The image is obtained thanks to the fact that the devices are able to detect the gamma photons emitted by the patient. These 511keV gamma photons are the product of an annihilation between a positron, emitted by the radiopharmaceutical, and a cortical electron from the patient's body. This annihilation results in the emission, essentially, of two photons. For these photons to end up shaping the image they must be detected "in coincidence", that is, at the same time; in a suitable time window (nanoseconds), they must also come from the same direction and opposite directions, but also their energy must exceed a minimum threshold that certifies that it has not undergone significant energy dispersions in its path (scattering phenomenon) to the detectors.The detectors of a PET scan are arranged in a ring-shaped structure around the patient, and thanks to the fact that they detect in coincidence the photons generated in each annihilation will conform the image.To obtain the image these detected photons are converted into electrical signals.This information is subsequently subjected to filtration and reconstruction processes, thanks to which the image is obtained.
    Dedicated brain PET is useful for measuring brain activity and is effective for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease, as well as other mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or severe depression. For an accurate diagnosis, high quality images are required, therefore, the device must be designed with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. The sensitivity can be improved by increasing the thickness of the crystals, decreasing the distance of the
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    Detect the patient and / or covering the maximum possible surface of the patient's skull.
    Various approaches have been proposed to solve the problem of improving the sensitivity of brain PET, such as patent application WO2010 / 033159, where Majewski et al. They propose a simple spherical ring around the head to generate the image. The invention described in this application has the disadvantages that the ring does not cover the entire brain and, having a circular shape, is not optimized for the typically oval shape of the human head. Similarly, in 2011, the article by S. Yamamoto et al. Is published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (vol. 58, pp. 668 to 673). "Development of a Brain PET system, PET-Hat: A Wearable PET System for Brain Research" where an equally circular and single-ring PET device is described, presenting no progress in the aspect of sensitivity with respect to the aforementioned patent . In 2013, Weinberg I. et al describe in US2013218010 a device of multiple rings of circular section that includes partial rings of detectors, which fail to complete the ring, in order to increase the sensitivity. All these works have in common that they are based on circular section rings using square detectors.
    In 2015, Tashima et al. US9226717 B2 (US20150115162 A1) discloses a PET device, equally circular in section, but organized in the form of a hemisphere instead of a cylindrical, which incorporates an element not physically coupled to the main hull in order to increase its sensitivity.
    The construction of a device that optimizes the sensitivity of a dedicated brain PET, which at the same time minimizes the number of detectors used, requires it to build a surface that completely adapts, in shape and size, to the head, in particular the head human However, there are important limitations as to how to generate this surface due to the procedure used to make the continuous scintillating crystals that are included in these devices. These limitations are related to the maximum size and manner in which said crystals can be carved.
    It is also impossible to accurately make a three-dimensional elongated curved surface (such as an ellipsoid) from flat surfaces in the form of polygons. However, although it is not trivial, it is possible to approximate these curved surfaces to a polyhedron constructed from flat surfaces in the form of polygons. The object of the present invention is precisely to achieve a PET imaging device with the maximum angular coverage of the brain by means of independent detection modules of polygonal main section and together forming a three-dimensional elongated shape adapted to the head, in particular the head, in particular the head the human head and the closest to it, to minimize the number of detectors.
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    Taking into account the limitations existing in the manufacture of crystals, and using the regular geometric shapes previously proposed in the state of the art, the device is either too far from the real geometry of the head (as seen in Fig. 1 , or the truncated icosahedron that illustrates the state of the art), or too small due to the number of faces and maximum size of each face (typically 70mm), as in the case of the truncated icosahedron.
    The present invention solves the problems of the state of the art by means of a dedicated PET device for brain with a geometric shape different from those previously proposed and that improves the sensitivity of the equipment with respect to other configurations based on spherical rings or helmets.
    Detectors are also proposed differently from the square (triangular, pentagonal or hexagonal) so that, from flat surfaces made using various regular polygons, the assembly ideally approaches a sphere.
    The device of the present invention comprises detectors with pentagon and hexagon shapes, forming geometries that, unlike other more common shapes, such as the truncated icosahedron, allow generating larger diameters of the detector device, for a maximum given size of scintillating glass. Likewise, they allow elongated forms to be generated, with non-circular perimeters, better adapted to the morphology of the head, in particular the human head.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The device of the present invention is a PET imaging device dedicated to the observation of the brain, characterized in that as a whole it has a structure with a shape capable of housing a head, comprising independent gamma ray detection modules, said detection modules they comprise continuous scintillation crystals of polygonal main section, in which the detection modules together form a hollow three-dimensional structure capable of circling the head, and said three-dimensional structure being elongated with a major axis in the direction corresponding to the opposite direction. nape and a shorter axis in the direction corresponding to the straight line that joins the ears, and the adjacent scintillation crystals being arranged fitting exactly laterally with each other along their entire thickness, constituting a mosaic, that is, without leaving gaps and without overlapping each other. Preferably, the adjacent scintillation crystals are of the same thickness fitting exactly laterally with each other along their entire thickness.
    The detection modules may have a square or rectangular shape forming a prism lying together with a rectangular base capable of housing a head, the anterior base of said prism being at the front of the structure capable of being faced with the face of a subject, and the posterior base of the prism
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    It is in the area that corresponds to the back of the head, in the back of the structure that can be faced with the occipital bone. Other alternatives for this realization are defined in the dependent claims.
    The detection modules can also have a square or rectangular shape forming together a hollow prism of bases of pentagonal, hexagonal, or octagonal section capable of housing a head, the anterior base of said prism being at the front of the structure capable of being facing the face of a subject, and the other base of the prism on the back of the structure that faces the back of the head that can be faced with the occipital bone.
    Additional alternatives refer to a PET imaging device comprising triangular, square, rectangular or combination detection modules, and which together form a hollow prism with a polygonal dome-shaped base, for example square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal or octagonal.
    Additional alternatives refer to a PET imaging device comprising detection modules of square or rectangular shape forming together a hollow prism capable of housing a head whose bases are formed by polyhedron dome. According to another variant, the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow octahedral prism capable of housing a head, and with a square dome-shaped base.
    The detection modules can also form a hollow prism whose lateral faces are the faces likely to be disposed between the nape and the forehead and the bases of the prism are the faces likely to be arranged parallel to the ears. For example, the prism can be formed by eight sides including one side that is likely to face the chin of a subject and the absent sides - likely to be facing the neck and eye area - and the bases are formed by a square consisting of several detectors, for example 9 detectors.
    According to other alternatives, the detector modules can form a hollow three-dimensional structure with an elongated shape that is also narrower in the anterior part corresponding to the forehead area when the device is in use than in the posterior part corresponding to the neck area when the device is in use, so that said structure is capable of being adapted to the shape of the head. For example, the detector modules may form a hollow three-dimensional structure comprising 76 vertices or 84 vertices, and have flat sectional surfaces - which in at least part of said detector modules - is pentagonal or hexagonal, regular or irregular section.
    The PET imaging device can also comprise a mechanical matrix of opaque structure in visible, rigid, honeycomb structure where each of the detection modules are housed in their preset position and orientation, and a mechanical interface to link a module with the other modules. The mechanical matrix
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    It will therefore cover all modules, and each of the modules, in turn, may be encapsulated or not.
    In the detection modules the continuous scintillation crystals can have the same width for all the detectors regardless of their polygonal shape.
    The PET imaging device can also comprise detection modules of two different sizes.
    Alternatively, each detection module has a unique face where the photo-detectors are located and such that the surface opposite the photo-detection is completely polished and covered by a retro-reflector.
    The PET imaging device may also comprise a light diffuser sheet or a glutton of light between each continuous scintillation crystal and the photodetectors.
    The detection modules are preferably configured so that the gamma rays enter from the opposite side to where the photo-detectors are located, although they can also be configured so that the gamma rays enter through the face where the photo-detectors are located.
    The PET imaging device may also comprise a protective element capable of being mechanically or manually actuated to produce a complete adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of an object - in particular a human head - whose image is intended to obtain and immobilize said object. . The protective element can be an air cushion system, attached to the set of detection modules that, by means of an inflation system, fill in the separation between the PET imaging device and the object whose image is intended to be obtained, or an elastic container system , filled with small spherical particles or with any other low density geometry that when mechanically pressed cause the adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of the object whose image is intended to be obtained.
    The invention also has as its object a method for taking an image with a PET image device defined above which comprises providing a protective element as defined above between the PET imaging device and the object whose image is intended to be obtained (in particular a human head), so that said protective element when mechanically or manually operated produces a complete adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of the object whose image is intended to be obtained. Other alternatives for this embodiment are defined in the dependent claims.
    Here, unless otherwise explicitly stated, the term "crystal" is equivalent to the expression "continuous crystal."
    The expression "detector module" is equivalent to "detection module", "photo-detector", "photo-sensor", or simply "module", unless explicitly stated otherwise.
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    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    Figure 1: shows a configuration of detection modules that form multiple rings, of circular section, belonging to the state of the art, compared to the morphology of the human head and in which an important separation between the detectors and the head can be seen.
    Figure 2: Left: shows a real human head and the line on which the section to which the PET device should approach will be calculated to increase its efficiency. Right: Shows an ellipsoid that represents the evolution of a real human head.
    Figure 3: illustrates a realization of detection module, comprising a continuous scintillation crystal, a set of photo-detectors, the reading electronics, and a mechanical encapsulation of the whole set. 1: gamma ray, 2: point of emission of the scintillation light; 3: array of photo sensors; 4: scintillation crystal; 5: treatment of the glass inlet surface, preferably retro-reflector; 6: treatment of the lateral surface of the glass by specular reflector, black paint or other absorbent paint, or a combination thereof; 7: light diffuser or light glutton.
    Figure 4: illustrates embodiments of the shape of the continuous scintillation crystals of the detection modules, of polygonal main section. Prisms of triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal and octagonal section. Pyramids truncated by a parallel cut to the base of triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal and octagonal section.
    Figure 5: shows an example of the configuration of the PET imaging device in the form of a hollow prism lying on a square base. Said prism almost completely covers the head leaving only a hole for the neck and eyes. The sides corresponding to the lower area of the jaw have only detectors in that region to leave a loose space for the neck. The rear or rear base has been fully covered with square detectors and has even been extended towards the back to increase sensitivity. The front base has been covered only partially, in the area of the chin and forehead, to allow the eyes a comfortable vision. The lower side of the prism, which corresponds to the neck area when the imaging device is in use, only has a fragment so that it forms an "L" with the front base of the cousin. The part of the L-shaped front base corresponding to the chin area is adjusted in position for each subject after having placed the PET imaging device on the head.
    Figure 6: shows an example of realization of detection modules with square scintillating continuous crystals in the form of an irregular prism lying on eight sides. The sides corresponding to the lower area of the jaw have only
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    detectors in that region to leave a loose space for the neck. The rear or rear base has been fully covered with square detectors. The front base has been covered only partially, in the area of the chin and forehead, to allow the eyes a comfortable vision.
    Figure 7: shows an example of a square dome shaped base. This base is best suited to the shape of the back of the head. This base introduces triangular surface scintillation crystals. Other similar bases in the form of pentagonal, hexagonal dome, etc., are also implemented analogously.
    Figure 8: shows an example of disposition of the square scintillating continuous crystals in the form of an irregular prism with eight sides. The rear part has been completely covered by a square dome. Alternatively, other similar bases are used in the form of a pentagonal, hexagonal dome, etc. Likewise, the front part has also been covered, although only partially, in the area of the chin and forehead, to allow the eyes a comfortable vision, by means of a square-shaped prism base.
    Figure 9: shows an example of the configuration of the PET imaging device in which the bases of the hollow prism are parallel to the ears. In this case the prism is formed by eight sides (octagonal prism), including the side corresponding to the subject's chin and also including the absent sides of the neck and the ocular area. The bases, instead of being formed by irregular decagons, are formed by a large square consisting of 9 detectors.
    Figure 10: shows examples of elongated shapes with more or less number of faces from regular pentagons, regular and irregular hexagons. This configuration is better suited to the shape of the head than the truncated icosahedron or any other shape that mimics the sphere. The shape on the left contains 70 vertices and the one on the right 80. The configuration on the left contains 12 regular pentagons, 10 regular and 15 irregular hexagons and 105 edges. The configuration on the right contains 12 regular pentagons, 10 regular and 20 irregular hexagons and 120 edges, and presents symmetry of group D5d.
    Figure 11. Shows examples of hollow three-dimensional structures with elongated and narrower shapes in the front corresponding to the forehead area when the device is in use than in the back corresponding to the neck area when the device is in use , so that they are able to be adapted to the shape of the human head. These structures are made from regular pentagons, regular and irregular hexagons. These configurations adapt perfectly to the shape of the head, narrower in the front than in the back. The shape on the left contains 76 vertices, presenting the symmetry group Td, and the one on the right 84.
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    Figure 12: shows an example of a PET imaging device of the previous figure perfectly adapted to the shape of the head.
    Figure 13: shows an example of arrangement of hexagons in "zig-zag" or "armchair" forming a cylinder of arbitrary length to which it is attached, to close the cylinder on both sides a hemisphere formed by regular hexagons and pentagons, such as in a truncated icosahedron. Alternatively, the cylinder is closed by a dome as in Figure 7.
    Figure 14: Left. It shows an example of the disposition of the photo-detectors of two sizes (in this case they are square photo-detectors in which one has sides of half the size than the other) to cover a larger area of the continuous section scintillating glass triangular without exceeding this, since it collides with the photo-detectors of adjacent crystals. Note that all large-sized photo detectors are aligned with each other forming a matrix to facilitate reading by rows and columns, as shown in the figure on the right. Analog arrangements are made in the event that the surface of the scintillation crystal was in the form of a pentagon, hexagon, etc.
    Right. Reading by rows and columns of the photo detectors in the figure on the left. The signals of the photo detectors of each row or column are added by analogue electronics before digitizing. The signals of all the detectors of smaller size corresponding to each row or column are also added in analogue together with the corresponding signals of the large-sized photo detectors of the same row or column before scanning. Analog arrangements are made in the event that the surface of the continuous scintillation crystal is shaped like a pentagon, hexagon, etc.
    Figure 15: shows an example of arrangement of the photo detectors to cover a greater area of the continuous scintillating glass without restricting the alignment in rows and columns. This implies the individual reading of each of the photo detectors and their digitalization by means of, for example, an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). This unrestricted alignment arrangement slightly increases the area covered by photo detectors. Analog arrangements are made in the event that the surface of the scintillation crystal is shaped like a pentagon, hexagon, etc.
    Figure 16: shows an example of arrangement of the photo-detectors to completely cover the surface of the continuous scintillation glass exceeding the surface area of the triangle. The collision with the photo-detectors of adjacent crystals, if the latter are of square or rectangular section, is avoided by increasing the thickness of the triangular scintillation crystal, or by slightly moving (a few millimeters) said glass towards the outside or by the utilization of a thick sheet of light-transparent material that acts as a light diffuser or as a light glutton, as shown in the following figures. Analog provisions are
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    performed in the event that the surface of the continuous scintillation crystal is shaped like a pentagon, hexagon, etc.
    Figure 17: shows an example of arrangement of the photo-detectors to completely cover the surface of the continuous scintillation glass exceeding the surface area of the triangle, without restricting the alignment in rows and columns. This implies the individual reading of each of the photo detectors and their digitalization by means of, for example, an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). This unrestricted alignment arrangement minimizes the number of photo detectors required to completely cover the area of the glass. Analog arrangements are made in the event that the surface of the scintillation crystal is shaped like a pentagon, hexagon, etc.
    Figure 18: Profile view of two adjacent continuous scintillation crystals, the one on the left with a square or rectangular section and the one on the right with a triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal section, etc. In dashed line the photo detectors are shown. The photo detectors (9) associated with the right glass (11) exceed the surface area of the triangle to completely cover the surface of the scintillation glass. The collision with the photo detectors (8) of the left glass (10) is avoided because the right glass (11) is slightly (a few millimeters) thicker.
    Figure 19: Profile view of two adjacent continuous scintillation crystals, the one on the left with a square or rectangular section and the one on the right with a triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal section, etc. In dashed line the photo detectors are shown. The photo detectors (9) associated with the right glass (11) exceed the surface area of the triangle to completely cover the surface of the scintillation glass. The collision with the photo detectors (8) of the left glass (10) is avoided because the right glass (11) moves slightly (a few millimeters) outwards.
    Figure 20: Profile view of two adjacent continuous scintillation crystals, the one on the left with a square or rectangular section and the one on the right with a triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal section, etc. In dashed line the photo detectors are shown. The photo-detectors (9) associated with the right glass (11) exceed the surface area of the triangle to completely cover the surface of the scintillation glass. The collision with the photo-detectors (8) of the left glass (10) is avoided because a thin sheet (a few millimeters thicker than the left glass sheet) of transparent and diffuser material has been installed of the light or glutton of light (7) between the right glass (11) and its associated photo detectors.
    Figure 21: shows light glues in the form of truncated pyramids (fish tail) of wider base in the part of the scintillation crystal (as shown for example in Figure 21) and with the polygon shape of said crystal to avoid the collision with the photo-detectors of adjacent crystals, regardless of the shape of the polygon.
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    Figure 22: example of preferred realization in which the detection modules together form a structure composed of three parts: the central is an elongated octagonal base prism whose sides facing the ears are formed by more modules than the other sides of the Octagon, the upper one is a rectangular base dome that replaces the upper base of the prism, covering it, which closes exactly the previous prism and is therefore of octagonal plan elongated by the sides of the ears, and which is arranged in the area corresponding to the upper part of the head when the PET imaging device is in use, and the third is a lower part shaped like a ring or bridge perpendicular to the prism, which replaces the lower base of the prism, and which is a set of several modules arranged in a chain, joining two faces of the prism facing each other and parallel to each other, and so that this lower part faces the chin of a subject when the device is ta in use. Each side of the octagonal prism or the dome can be formed by one or more detection modules. Together, the prism and the dome form a form similar to Johnson's solid called elongated square dome, also called diminished rombicuboctahedron, except that the sides of the ears have been elongated in the neck-front direction and, therefore, the dome It is square but rectangular. Together, the prism and the dome have 17 faces: 5 rectangles, 8 squares (which could also be replaced by rectangles) and 4 triangles. The lower part that faces the chin may be displaced towards the anterior half of the prism (so that it covers the lateral area of the head coinciding with the eyes) as seen in Figure 22, or it may be centered with respect to the prism and the dome that covers the octagonal prism, so that it covers the central lateral part of the head. In figure 22, central drawing, this arrangement - which is not shown in the figures - will be seen the detection module of the lower part in contact with half of each side of the modules immediately above, which constitute faces of the prism. This configuration, with the lower part of the structure centered, has the advantage that it allows to observe the central area of the brain, and in particular the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and tonsil area.
    Figure 23: Since the neck has a surface with negative curvature such as a hyperboloid (a saddle on horseback), it is not easy to approximate said surface using polygons. This figure shows the example of preferred embodiment shown in the previous figure, but in which the part of the imaging device that faces the chin is used in the form of heptagones and hexagons.
    Figure 24: example of a mechanical structure based on carbon fiber on which the different modules of hexagonal, pentagonal section, etc. are placed. The thickness of the structure between crystals is exaggerated in the figure so that it can be visualized, but obviously in the actual implementation it is minimal to minimize the distance between scintillation crystals and maximize sensitivity.
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    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The object of the present invention is a PET imaging device dedicated to the examination of the brain, which can be that of a mammal such as a primate, and preferably will be a human brain, for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases, maximizing the sensitivity and at the same time minimizing the number of detectors used and, therefore, the cost, weight and complexity.
    The sensitivity is optimized by a greater angular coverage of the detectors that allows to detect the coincidence of gamma rays emitted in the area of the brain in opposite directions, as it happens in the emission events by PET radioisotopes.
    The Valencian Institute of Biomechanics (IBV) conducted a statistical study of the shape and size of the human head. The result is that the size varies significantly according to the different nationalities and sexes, and individually within each country. However, a common feature is that the shape of the human head is not spherical but is narrower in the direction that goes between the two ears, compared to the other two directions perpendicular to it (see figures 1 and 2). This advises the design of an elongated geometry PET imaging device to better adapt to the shape of the human head. The object of the present invention is a PET device that meets these conditions, that is, maximum angular coverage to maximize sensitivity, and elongated shape, similar to the head, in particular the human head, placing the PET imaging device as close as possible. possible brain, to minimize the number of detectors used. Another common feature is that the head is narrower in the front than in the back (figure 2 right).
    An essential feature of the PET imaging devices of the invention is therefore that the gamma detection modules are arranged so that they can surround the head of the subject together forming an elongated, non-spherical surface to better adapt to the three-dimensional shape. of the head, in particular the human head. This allows maximum sensitivity to be obtained while minimizing the number of detectors used and, therefore, the cost of the PET imaging device.
    However, and since the PET imaging device is designed for the diagnosis of neurological diseases, many patients will be elderly and some of them or younger ones may have mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, it is critical for a correct examination. The patient is comfortable and can see, hear and breathe without any difficulty. On the other hand, the sizes and shapes of the heads differ on average between different continents and nationalities, and individually within each country, with total variations in the size of up to about 5%. Therefore, the
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    Proposed designs should allow a space between the imaging device and the head loose enough to fit different sizes and shapes of heads.
    The device of the present invention is a device of the present invention is a PET imaging device dedicated to the observation of the brain, characterized in that as a whole it has a structure with a shape capable of housing a head, comprising independent detection modules of gamma rays, said detection modules comprise continuous scintillation crystals of polygonal main section, in which the detection modules together form a hollow three-dimensional structure capable of circling the head, and said three-dimensional structure being elongated with a major axis in the direction corresponding to the front-neck direction and a shorter axis in the direction corresponding to the straight line that joins the ears, and the adjacent scintillation crystals being arranged to fit laterally exactly with each other along their entire thickness, constituting a mosaic, that is, without leaving gaps and without overlapping each other. Preferably, the adjacent scintillation crystals are of the same thickness fitting exactly laterally with each other along their entire thickness.
    According to particular embodiments, in the PET imaging device the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow prism lying on a rectangular base (as shown for example in Figure 5) capable of housing a head, the anterior base being of said prism at the front of the structure capable of being faced with the face of a subject, and the rear base of the prism is in the area corresponding to the back of the head, at the back of the susceptible structure if faced with the occipital bone; and optionally, the rear base can be extended with additional detection modules towards the area corresponding to the back when the device is placed on the head of a subject.
    According to additional particular embodiments, in the PET imaging device the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow prism lying on a rectangular base capable of housing a head, the anterior base of said prism being at the front of the structure liable to face the face of a subject, and the posterior base of the prism is in the area that corresponds to the back of the head, at the back of the structure capable of being faced with the occipital bone, each side being of said prism coated with detectors with continuous crystals of square section, so that the side of the prism capable of being facing the neck, and the front base, are only partially covered, so that the neck fits loosely and not the view is obstructed, while the rear base and all remaining sides of the prism are completely covered by detectors; and optionally, the rear base can be extended with additional detection modules towards the
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    area that corresponds to the back when the device is placed on the head of a subject.
    For any of these described embodiments of the PET imaging device in which the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow prism lying on a rectangular base capable of housing a head, the anterior base of said prism being at the front of the structure capable of being faced with the face of a subject, and the posterior base of the prism is in the area that corresponds to the back of the head, on the back of the structure capable of being faced with the occipital bone, on which side of the prism capable of being faced with the neck when the imaging device is in use, and which is only partially covered with detection modules, forms a fragment of the same in the form of an "L" with the front base of the prism, and this L-shaped fragment corresponding to the chin area when the device is in use, is adjustable in position for each subject after having placed the d PET image device on the head. In the position adjustment operation for a specific subject, the entire "L" shaped fragment is capable of being displaced.
    According to additional particular embodiments, the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape forming together a hollow prism of bases of pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal section, etc., capable of housing a head, the anterior base of said prism being at the front of the structure capable of being faced with the face of a subject, and the other base of the prism on the back of the structure that faces it on the back of the head capable of being faced with the occipital bone. An example of this realization is shown in Figure 6, in which the continuous square scintillating crystals have been arranged in the form of an eight-sided irregular prism. The sides corresponding to the lower area of the jaw have only detectors in that region to leave a loose space for the neck. The rear base has been fully covered with square detectors. The front base has been covered only partially, in the area of the chin and forehead, to allow the eyes a comfortable vision.
    According to additional particular embodiments, the PET imaging device may comprise triangular, square and rectangular detection modules, and which together form a hollow prism with a polygonal dome-shaped base, for example square, pentagonal, hexagonal or octagonal.
    According to additional particular embodiments, the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow prism capable of housing a head whose bases are formed by polyhedron dome. In particular, for this alternative of the invention, the detection modules are square or rectangular in shape, forming together an octahedral prism capable of housing a head, and a square dome-shaped base.
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    In another embodiment of the present invention, the bases of the prisms are in the form of a polygonal dome. An example of a square dome is shown in figure 7. This base is better adapted to the shape of the back of the head (figure 8), allowing to significantly reduce the number of continuous scintillation crystals used. However, it has the disadvantage of adding continuous triangular surface scintillation crystals. Likewise, the front part has also been covered, although only partially, in the area of the chin and forehead, to allow the eyes a comfortable vision, by means of a square dome-shaped base. Other similar bases in the form of a pentagonal, hexagonal dome, etc., can also be implemented analogously at the cost of introducing irregular polygonal section crystals.
    According to additional particular embodiments of the PET imaging device the detection modules form a hollow prism whose lateral faces are the faces capable of being disposed between the nape and the forehead of a subject and the bases of the prism are the faces susceptible of being arranged parallel to the ears, as shown in figure 9. In this case, the prism is formed by eight sides (octagonal prism), including the side corresponding to the chin and the absent sides of the neck and the ocular area. The bases, instead of being formed by irregular octagons, are formed by a large square consisting of 9 detectors.
    Forms that approach the sphere from flat surfaces can be implemented using hexagons and pentagons as in the truncated icosahedron. However, the size of the truncated icosahedron is limited by the size of the face edge and is given by the following formula, for a unit size edge:
    r == 2jl; (125 + 4lV5)
    r6 = 2jj (7 + 3V5)
    r5 and r6 being the radius to the center of the pentagons and hexagons, respectively. For an edge of size a, multiply r5 and r6 by the length of the edge.
    Bearing in mind that continuous scintillation crystals are manufactured from cylindrical ingots with a maximum diameter of about 70mm in the case of the LSO or 135mm in the case of the BGO, the maximum edge of a regular hexagon (corresponding to half of the ingot diameter) will be 163mm. This limits the form of truncated icosahedron to the case of BGO, and the LSO and its variants cannot be used. The family of LSO crystals has the characteristic of emitting a large amount of light and a very short emission time with respect to the BGO which are very suitable for the precise determination of the flight time (TOF: Time Of Flight).
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    Alternatively, in another embodiment of the present invention, the PET imaging device is elongated in shape from 12 flat surfaces of pentagonal section and different number of flat surfaces of hexagonal section, regular and irregular, of arbitrarily large size. Figure 10 shows two examples. In the example on the left, there are 70 vertices, 12 pentagons, 15 regular hexagons and 10 irregular hexagons, that is, 37 faces in total. This form, in which it is critical to add irregular hexagons, has two important advantages over the truncated icosahedron (the soccer ball): 1) it has an elongated shape that adapts better to the head; 2) can be done arbitrarily large. Similarly, the configuration on the right of the same figure 10 contains 12 regular pentagons, 10 regular and 20 irregular hexagons and 120 edges, and presents symmetry of group D5d.
    Alternatively, from 12 pentagons and different numbers of regular and irregular hexagons it is possible to perform practically any elongated shape.
    Alternatively, another embodiment of the present invention refers to an elongated PET image device that is also narrower in the forehead area than in the back, adapting even more to the shape of the head. Two examples are shown in Figure 11. The example on the left contains 76 vertices, presenting the symmetry group Td, and the one on the right 84. From 12 flat surfaces of pentagonal section and different number of flat surfaces of hexagonal section, regular and irregular, these can be performed and other forms of arbitrarily large size. In Fig. 12, the arrangement of continuous crystals of the PET imaging device perfectly adapted to the shape of the head is shown.
    From regular polygons of few types you can also build Arqulmedes solids other than the truncated icosahedron, some of which could be used as helmets if only half of the solid is used, for example: Truncated Icosidodecahedron or the Roman Dodecahedron.
    Johnson's solids can also be constructed from regular polygons of a few types, some of which could be used as helmets if the base (the largest polygon, octagon or decagon) is removed, for example: Elongated square dome, Cupula Elongated pentagonal, Elongated pentagonal roundabout, Gyro-square square dome, Rotated pentagonal roundabout, Pentagonal roundabout roundabout, Pentagonal roundabout, pentagonal roundabout, Decreased rhomicosahedron, Decreased paragiroid rhomboicosahedron, and Decreased rhombic rhombic.
    Also from simple irregular polygons, Catalan solids can be built, some of which could be used as helmets if only half of the solid is used, for example: Deltoidal Hexecontahedron and Pentagonal Hexecontahedron.
    These configurations from polygons such as pentagons, regular hexagons and
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    Irregular, etc., are not easy to build. For this, according to a particular embodiment, a mechanical system based on a rigid honeycomb structure is provided (figure 24) where each of the detection modules will be housed in their pre-established position and orientation. Each honeycomb cell has the appropriate geometry and size to complete the final configuration of the device. The matrix also incorporates a mechanical interface to be able to link this element with other possible system components (positioner of the detector system with respect to the patient, support, protective or embellishing housing ...). The matrix is opaque to visible light, to prevent light from entering the cell, but is low density to avoid unwanted interactions (scatter, compton, attenuation) with radiation from the patient.
    The PET imaging device of the present invention, in addition to the gamma ray detection modules, comprises the electronics for the acquisition of the data coming from the detection modules, the electronic "trigger" of gamma ray temporal matches, a computer for the acquisition and storage of data and computer programs for reconstruction and visualization of the image from them.
    Each detection module comprises a continuous scintillation crystal, also called monolithic, a set of photo-detectors for the collection of the light emitted by the scintillation crystal after the interaction of the gamma ray in it, the electronic reading of said photo -detectors, and optionally, a mechanical encapsulation of the entire assembly, as shown, by way of example, in figure 3. In this specific embodiment shown in this figure at least one of the faces of the glass is covered at least in part by the set of photo detectors.
    On the other hand, it should be borne in mind that photo detectors must be placed on flat surfaces of continuous scintillation crystals, or of light diffusers or light guides attached to said flat surfaces. The reason is that the photo detectors used in the present invention, both solid state and position sensitive photomultipliers have flat input surfaces. Therefore, scintillation crystals with curved surfaces are not used in the PET device of the invention since they would not fit perfectly to the flat surface of the photodetectors. In addition, it is much more complicated to make continuous crystals with curved surfaces. Therefore, each of said crystals is of polygonal main section, for example, in the form of a polygonal prism or truncated polygonal pyramid (see, for example, Figure 4). In general, the width of the glass will be the same for all scintillation detectors regardless of their polygonal shape.
    In a preferred configuration, each detection module has a unique face where the photo detectors are located. This face is covered to the maximum by photo-detectors to optimize the resolution in position of impact of the gamma rays on the glass, the temporal resolution and in energy. In said configuration
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    Preferably, the surface opposite the photo-detection is completely polished and covered by a retro-reflector. The detection modules can be arranged so that the gamma rays enter on the opposite side of the photo-detectors or, alternatively, on the face where the photo-detectors are located.
    It should also be borne in mind that practically all photo-sensors have a photo-sensitive surface of square or rectangular section, especially those of solid state, and therefore it is very convenient that continuous scintillation crystals also have a square or rectangular section where the photo sensors are placed. In this way, non-sensitive (dead) areas are minimized and therefore the collection of light is maximized, optimizing the resolution in gamma ray energy and in its position of impact on the glass.
    In addition, to maximize the sensitivity of the detector it is critical that there are no gaps between the scintillation crystals so that gamma rays do not escape between these gaps and therefore are not detected. At the same time, it is important to avoid overlapping, that is to say that some crystals are mounted on others, between the scintillation crystals to minimize the cost of the PET imaging device. Therefore, it is very convenient for all the side faces of the crystals to be exactly coupled to their neighboring crystals.
    Therefore, the PET devices of the invention have in common that the different continuous scintillation crystals do not leave gaps in each other where gamma rays can escape without being detected, except the minimum width of the encapsulation in case it has encapsulated, which It contains each module. Therefore, an essential feature of the present invention is that the scintillation crystals have the shape of polygons, preferably of the same thickness, fitting exactly laterally with each other along their entire thickness, constituting a mosaic, that is, without leave gaps and without overlapping each other.
    It should also be borne in mind that it is not convenient for the manufacture of a PET imaging device that the shape of the modules is different for each detection module. The optimum is that all detection modules are identical to each other to facilitate the manufacture of them in series. It would also be acceptable in manufacturing that there were only two or three different types of detection modules. This is important not only for the manufacture of the detection modules but also for the method of determining the point of impact of the gamma ray on the glass, which is different for each type of module. Therefore, if a realization consists of crystals in many different ways, it will be necessary to develop an algorithm for determining the point of impact of the different gamma ray for each crystal.
    Each detector module can be wrapped by an encapsulation to immobilize the module components (continuous glass, photo-detector and associated electronics) in its
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    nominal position, avoiding the introduction of light inside the detector module and at the same time dissipating the heat generated by the components of the detector module.
    The materials to be used for said components can be of different nature (such as polymers or metals), and their selection will depend on factors inherent to the selected configuration and the density of the elements of the detection module but preferably polymeric materials are used due to their low interaction with the radiation emitted from the patient.
    The manufacturing of the components is carried out by any method suitable to the chosen materials (machining, injection, casting, printing, sintering) but preferably it is done by 3D or sintered printing due to the low production cost for reduced series, the variety of materials and available finishes, as well as the few restrictions of these methods in terms of geometric characteristics of the design and necessary tolerances.
    All commercial and academic PETs use detection modules (and scintillation crystals) of square or rectangular section. In addition, in these modules the light produced by the impact of gamma rays on the glass is directed towards a single photo-sensing surface, with a square or rectangular section. Said square or rectangular section surface can be completely covered by square section photo detectors to maximize resolution in position, in energy and time.
    However, it is not possible to completely cover the flat triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, or heptagonal sectional surfaces of the continuous scintillation crystals that are used in the present invention, by commercially available square section photo detectors. This implies a deterioration in the resolution in position, in energy and time. To overcome this difficulty that has not been raised so far, the present invention provides different solutions that are developed below.
    An object of the present invention is the use of two sizes of photodetectors, for example, 6 and 3 mm squares, as shown in Figure 14 to maximize the area covered by the detectors without exceeding this, since collide it with adjacent continuous glass photo detectors. Note that all large-sized photo detectors are aligned with each other forming a matrix to facilitate reading by rows and columns, as shown in the following figure. Analog arrangements are made in the event that the surface of the scintillation crystal is in the form of a pentagon, hexagon, etc.
    Alternatively, an electronic method is available for reading and digitizing each and every one of the photo detectors individually by means of, for example, an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), it is possible to cover a larger area of the scintillating glass when the alignment restriction in rows and columns. Analog arrangements are made in the event that the surface of the scintillation crystal was in the form of a pentagon, hexagon, etc.
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    Alternatively, the squares of the photo detectors can protrude if the adjacent surface is a square or rectangular surface. This can be done using slightly thicker crystals (for example, as shown in Figure 16).
    The photo detectors can be arranged to completely cover the surface of the continuous scintillation glass by exceeding the surface area of the triangle. The collision with the photo-detectors of adjacent crystals, if the latter are of square or rectangular section, can be avoided by increasing the thickness of the triangular scintillation crystal (figure 18) the right crystal shifts slightly (a few millimeters ) towards the outside (figure 19) or the use of a thick sheet of light-transparent material that acts as a light diffuser or as a light glutton (figure 20). Analog arrangements are made in the event that the surface of the scintillation crystal was in the form of a pentagon, hexagon, etc. In general and for any realization, the collision with the adjacent photodetectors of crystals can also be avoided regardless of the shape of the polygon through the use of truncated pyramids of light (fishtail) with a wider base in the part of the scintillation crystal (as shown for example in Figure 21) and in the shape of the polygon of said crystal. Said narrowed light glues can be implemented from optical fibers.
    The conditions met by the PET devices of the invention are the following: 1) elongated shape, adapted to the maximum to the shape of the head, constituted from independent detection modules, with the greatest possible angular coverage of the brain; 2) maximum approach of the detection modules to the head, respecting the comfort of the patients; 3) gamma ray detection modules composed of continuous scintillation crystals with flat surfaces; 4) maximum three different forms of scintillation crystals; 5) exact coupling between the lateral surfaces of the scintillation crystals; and 6) surfaces that can be covered almost completely with square surface photo-sensors.
    The PET imaging device according to any of the alternatives described above, may comprise a protective element capable of being mechanically or manually actuated to produce a complete adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of an object, such as a head, whose image is intended to obtain and immobilize said object.
    Said protective element can be selected from an air cushion system, attached to the set of detection modules, and a system of elastic containers, filled with small spherical particles or with any other geometry, of low density.
    The movement of the head during the acquisition time generates artifacts and degrades the image quality. In the present invention two methods are proposed to reduce such effect, introducing an element between the three-dimensional structure
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    of the set of detectors and the patient's head, with the ability to adapt dynamically to both.
    The present invention also relates to a method for taking images with a PET image device defined above, which comprises providing a protective element between the PET imaging device and the object, such as a head, whose image is intended to be obtained. , so that said protective element when mechanically or manually operated produces a complete adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of the object whose image is intended to be obtained. The protective element may be an air mattress system or an elastic container system, as defined above.
    In the case of the air mattress system, attached to the three-dimensional structure of the detector assembly and located between said three-dimensional structure and the head of the patient, which can be operated by an inflation system, manual or automated, which allows filling the separation between the three-dimensional structure and the head, immobilizing the patient's head within the structure.
    In the case of the bag system, for example two, or elastic containers, filled with small spherical particles or with any other geometry, of low density to avoid artifacts, they can be slightly mechanically pressed to the front and side of the patient's head to, then, submit them to the vacuum, by means of a pump included for this purpose, which causes said bags or containers to faithfully adopt the patient's skull shape, preventing it from moving or rotating on the original position in which it was at the time of applying the vacuum.
    EXAMPLES OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
    EXAMPLE 1
    In a first preferred embodiment of the brain PET imaging device, the continuous scintillation crystals together form an elongated 8-sided prism that can be arranged inclined along the head, as shown in the Figure 22. This prism is closed at the top by a dome composed of 8 crystals of square section and 4 crystals of triangular section. At the bottom, the prism is closed by a bridge formed by 5 scintillation crystals with a square section around the chin.
    The scintillation crystals are of BGO (Bismuth Germanate, Bi4Ge3O12) and in the form of truncated pyramids of square section, of 20mm thickness and base size 95 x 95 mm2. The truncation of the pyramid is determined by the shape of the prism so that the sides of the crystals fit perfectly with each other to prevent the escape of gamma rays.
    The base of each glass is completely covered with 6 x 6 mm3 square SiPM type photo detectors. All electronic signals produced in
    Photo detectors are read by configuring rows and columns. In the case of the triangular section scintillation crystals the photodetectors are placed as in Figure 16 and a light diffuser sheet or a light glider is placed between the glass and the photodetectors as shown in Figure 20 On the opposite side of the 5 photo detectors, a retro-reflector is placed to maximize light detection while preserving its original distribution.
    EXAMPLE 2
    In a second preferred embodiment, the continuous scintillation crystals are of LSO (Cerium-doped Lutetium Oxy-Orthosilicate). All crystals have a width of 20mm. 5 crystals have a regular 35mm hexagonal edge section. 6 crystals have a pentagonal section of the same edge. 10 crystals have an irregular hexagonal section with 4 35mm edges and two slightly longer edges. This shape and size of the crystals has the advantage of taking full advantage of the size of the LSO ingot. All these crystals join 15 to form an elongated figure around the patient's head as shown in Figure 12.
    The photo detectors are 3x3mm2 in size and the signals produced by them are read individually by means of an ASIC that digitizes both intensity and time. This allows to obtain flight time information, obtaining a better image quality.
    权利要求:
    Claims (30)
    [1]
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    1. A PET imaging device dedicated to the observation of the brain, characterized in that as a whole it has a structure with a shape capable of housing a head, which comprises independent gamma ray detection modules, said detection modules comprise continuous scintillation crystals of polygonal main section, in which the detection modules together form a hollow three-dimensional structure capable of circling the head, and said three-dimensional structure being elongated with a major axis in the direction corresponding to the front-neck direction and one more axis short in the direction corresponding to the straight line that joins the ears, and the adjacent scintillation crystals being arranged, fitting laterally exactly with each other along their entire thickness, constituting a mosaic, that is, without leaving gaps and without overlap each other.
    [2]
    2. A PET imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow prism lying on a rectangular base capable of housing a head, the anterior base of said prism being in the front part of the structure capable of being faced with the face of a subject, and the rear base of the prism is in the area that corresponds to the back of the head, in the rear part of the structure capable of being faced with the occipital bone
    [3]
    3. A PET imaging device according to claim 2, wherein each side of said prism is coated with detectors with square section crystals, so that the side of the prism capable of being faced with the neck, and the front base , are only partially covered, so that the neck fits comfortably and does not obstruct the view, while the rear base and all the remaining sides of the prism are completely covered by detection modules.
    [4]
    4. A PET imaging device according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the posterior base has been extended with additional detection modules towards the area corresponding to the back when the device is placed on the head of a subject.
    [5]
    5. A PET imaging device according to one of claims 2 to 4, in which side of the prism capable of being faced with the neck when the imaging device is in use, and which is only partially covered with detection modules, form a "L" shaped fragment with the front prism base, and this L-shaped fragment corresponding to the chin area when the device is in use, is adjustable in position for each subject after having placed The PET imaging device in the head.
    [6]
    6. A PET imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow prism of pentagonal, hexagonal, or octagonal section bases capable of
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    to house a head, the anterior base of said prism being in the front part of the structure capable of being faced with the face of a subject, and the other base of the prism in the rear part of the structure that faces it to the back part of the head that can be faced with the occipital bone.
    [7]
    7. A PET imaging device according to claim 1 or 2, comprising detection modules of triangular, square, rectangular or combinations thereof, and together form a hollow prism with a polygonal dome-shaped base.
    [8]
    8. A PET imaging device according to claim 7, wherein the dome is square, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal or octagonal.
    [9]
    9. A PET imaging device according to claim 8, wherein the detection modules together form a structure composed of three parts: a central that is an elongated octagonal base prism whose sides facing the ears are formed by more modules than the other sides of the octagon, the upper one is a rectangular base dome that replaces the upper base of the prism, covering it, which closes exactly the previous prism and is therefore of octagonal plan elongated by the sides of the ears, and which is arranged in the area corresponding to the upper part of the head when the PET imaging device is in use, and the third is a lower part in the form of a ring or bridge perpendicular to the prism, which replaces the lower base of the prism, and that it is a set of several modules arranged in a chain, that join two faces of the prism facing and parallel to each other, and so that this lower part is facing the chin of a suj eto when the device is in use.
    [10]
    10. A PET imaging device according to claim 9, wherein the lower part that faces the chin is moved towards the front half of the prism or is centered with respect to the prism and the dome that covers it, so which is capable of covering the central lateral part of the head.
    [11]
    11. A PET imaging device according to claim 8, wherein the detection modules have a square or rectangular shape together forming a hollow octahedral prism capable of housing a head, and with a square or rectangular dome-shaped base .
    [12]
    12. A PET imaging device according to claim 9, wherein the detection modules form a hollow prism with an octagonal base which in the part that is arranged in the upper part of the head is in the form of a square or rectangular dome and the lower part that faces the chin is covered with crystals in the form of heptagones and hexagons.
    [13]
    13. A PET imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the detection modules form a prism whose lateral faces are the faces likely to be disposed between the nape and the forehead and the bases of the prism are the faces susceptible to be arranged parallel to the ears.
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    [14]
    14. A PET imaging device according to claim 13, wherein the prism is formed by eight sides including one side that is likely to face the chin of a subject and also including the missing sides that are likely to face the neck and the eye area, and the bases are formed by a square consisting of several detectors.
    [15]
    15. A PET imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the detector modules form a hollow elongated three-dimensional structure comprising 70 vertices or 80 vertices, the latter having a D5d symmetry, and the detector modules have flat surfaces of section such that in at least a part of said detector modules are of a pentagonal section or hexagonal section, regular or irregular.
    [16]
    16. A PET imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the detector modules form a hollow elongated three-dimensional structure that is also narrower in the anterior part corresponding to the forehead area when the device is in use , which in the back corresponding to the neck area when the device is in use, so that it is able to be adapted to the shape of the head.
    [17]
    17. A PET imaging device according to claim 16, wherein the detector modules form a hollow three-dimensional structure comprising 76 vertices or 84 vertices, the latter having symmetry Td, and the detector modules have flat sectional surfaces such that in at least part of said detector modules it is pentagonal or hexagonal section, regular or irregular.
    [18]
    18. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    The preceding claims, further comprising a mechanical matrix of opaque structure in visible, rigid, honeycomb-like structure where each of the detection modules are housed in their preset position and orientation, and a mechanical interface to link a module with the Other modules
    [19]
    19. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    previous claims comprising continuous scintillation crystals of the same width for all detectors, regardless of their polygonal shape.
    [20]
    20. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    previous claims comprising detection modules of two different sizes.
    [21]
    21. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    previous claims in which each detection module has a unique face where the photo-detectors are located and such that the surface opposite to the photo-detection is completely polished and covered by a retro-reflector.
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    [22]
    22. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    previous claims comprising a light diffuser sheet or a glutton of light between each continuous scintillation crystal and the photodetectors.
    [23]
    23. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    previous claims comprising a glutton of light, preferably constructed by means of optical fiber matrices, between each continuous scintillation crystal and the photodetectors, in the form of truncated pyramids of wider base in the part of the scintillation crystal and with the shape of the polygon of said glass, to prevent the photo-detectors of adjacent crystals from colliding with each other.
    [24]
    24. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    previous claims in which the detection modules are arranged so that the gamma rays enter the opposite side of the photo detectors.
    [25]
    25. A PET imaging device according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising
    - an electronic data acquisition and trigger system of
    coincidences;
    - a computer and image reconstruction and visualization algorithms.
    [26]
    26. A PET imaging device according to any one of the
    previous claims, comprising a protective element capable of being mechanically or manually actuated to produce a complete adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of an object whose image is intended to obtain and immobilize said object.
    [27]
    27. A PET imaging device according to claim 26, wherein the protective element is selected from an air cushion system, attached to the set of detection modules, and an elastic container system, filled with particles.
    [28]
    28. A method for taking an image with a PET imaging device defined in any one of the preceding claims, comprising arranging a protective element between the PET imaging device and the object whose image is intended to be obtained, so that said element protector when mechanically or manually operated produces a complete adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of the object whose image is intended to be obtained.
    [29]
    29. A method according to claim 28, wherein the protective element is an air cushion system, attached to the set of detection modules which, by means of an inflation system, fill in the separation between the PET imaging device and the object whose image is intended to be obtained.
    [30]
    30. A method according to claim 28, wherein the protective element is a system of elastic containers, filled with particles that when pressed
    mechanically they cause the adaptation of the PET imaging device to the shape of the object whose image is intended to be obtained.
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